The degradation patterns found in Books of Hours, a recent investigation, are also discussed.īased on this information we critically assess some currently employed preservation treatments. In this work we describe the main pathologies found in Romanesque collections and calculate their extent for three major monastic collections, produced in Portuguese Romanesque scriptoria. Throughout our research, we observed numerous examples of colour materials degradation and, we thus discovered that their future preservation is threatened. Illuminated in word and in image, medieval codices are some of the most beautiful testimonies of our European past. A set of experiments was designed to assess the influence of orpiment on lead white degradation, corroborating the previous results and indicating the appearance of a new lead carbonate phase. 339 cm-1 was also identified, most likely due to an orpiment-based solid phase in agreement with the reduction of orpiment or the arsenate-based species. ![]() 810 cm-1, indicating the presence of an arsenate-based species. RM shows galena, a lead sulphide (PbS), as the degradation product of lead white, and a band at ca. Darkening is observed for lead white in two manuscripts (Alc. The remaining colour palette comprises orpiment, red lead and two organic dyes (with a yellow and a dark red colour), not yet characterised. RM and -FTIR identifies a copper complex with a protein, possibly verdigris-based. The green colour is defined as a bottle-green colour, commonly seen in Portuguese Medieval manuscripts, evidencing loss of cohesion and adhesion to the support. Azurite was found in the lettering of only one manuscript (Alc. ![]() Lazurite was the chosen pigment for the blue colour, being ubiquitous in the studied collection. The Alcobaça collection shows consistently the use of pink and grey colour paints, mostly achieved by mixing vermilion and/or an organic red, or a carbon-based black pigment with lead white, respectively. Colour paints were fully characterized by Raman microscopy (RM), alongside -Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (-FTIR) and -Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (-EDXRF). 160 illuminated manuscripts produced during the late 12th -early 13th century, a set of fifteen manuscripts were selected to characterize the medieval colour palette of this scriptorium, following an interdisciplinary study on Portuguese medieval illumination. ![]() Santa Maria de Alcobaça Monastery, a Cistercian monastery, was established in 1153, in the year of St.
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